በአገር ውስጥ እና በዓለም አቀፍ ኦርጋኒክ ኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ አዳዲስ የልማት አዝማሚያዎች

The 2013 and 2014 Central “No. 1 Documents” explicitly proposed advancing rural ecological civilization construction and sustainable development, and proposed promoting eco-friendly agricultural development, intensifying ecological protection and construction, and establishing a long-term mechanism for sustainable agricultural development. China has cumulatively issued multiple policy documents promoting the development of the organic industry, reflecting the state's high regard for ecological civilization construction and sustainable agricultural development, as well as policy support for developing the organic industry. Local governments at all levels also attach great importance to the development of the organic industry. At present, many provinces in China have integrated the development of the organic industry with the protection of the rural ecological environment, the development of the rural circular economy, the resolution of issues concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers through green barriers, and the building of a new socialist countryside, and have formulated organic industry development plans and a series of incentive policies, implemented subsidies for organic product development, and promoted agricultural enterprises, rural specialized cooperatives, and farming households to establish organic production systems, greatly enhancing their enthusiasm for organic production.
1.1 Latest Developments in the Domestic Organic Industry
In active response to the requirements of “green development and building a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society” proposed in the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” for national economic development, the domestic organic industry has carried out a series of activities that have promoted the development of the organic industry. These activities mainly include: in order to give play to the advantages of certification and accreditation, in September 2014 the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the CNCA) held the “Organic Promotion Week” activity; the new version of the Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification was officially implemented; since 2011, the “Organic Product Certification Demonstration Creation” activity has been organized and carried out, and important work such as the “Twelfth Five-Year” National Science and Technology Support Program project “Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies for Certification of Regionally Advantageous and Characteristic Organic Products” has been organized and implemented.
work.
1.1.1 The New Version of the Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification Was Issued and Implemented
On November 15, 2013, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the AQSIQ) issued the Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification (AQSIQ Order No. 155). These “Measures” were officially implemented on April 1, 2014. Compared with the 2004 version of the Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification, the main changes are in the following aspects:
(1) Unify the scope of certification and establish an organic product certification catalog system. The CNCA has successively published the Catalog of Organic Product Certification and the Supplementary Catalog of Organic Product Certification. Only products included in the catalog can obtain organic certification.
(2) Establish an organic code and certificate numbering system, and unify certification certificates and certification marks. Establish a 17-digit organic code management system of “one product, one code.” The smallest sales package of certified products must use an organic code; establish a unified certification certificate numbering system, and all certification bodies issue certificates according to the certificate numbers generated by the system. Both the organic code and the certificate number can be queried through the CNCA website, making it convenient for consumers to verify the authenticity of organic products.
(3) Abolish the organic conversion certification mark. However, organic conversion certification still exists. Before organic products obtain certification, they still must go through a 2-3 year conversion period, and products in the conversion period can only be sold as conventional products.
(4) Establish a sales certificate system for organic product certification to ensure sales do not exceed the permitted scope. In order to ensure that the category, scope, and quantity of organic products sold by the certification client are consistent with the product category, scope, and quantity in the certification certificate, certification bodies are required to issue sales certificates to ensure that sales do not exceed the permitted scope.
(5) Standardize the supervision of imported organic products and protect the domestic market. Establish an entry verification system for imported organic products, which is conducive to protecting the lawful rights and interests of Chinese consumers and the healthy development of the domestic organic product market. In order to ensure the effective implementation of the import supervision provisions of the new Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification, the CNCA organized the formulation of the Guidelines for Entry Verification of Imported Organic Products and required all entry-exit inspection and quarantine departments to implement them by reference.
(6) Add penalty provisions, establish an exit mechanism, and eliminate unqualified enterprises. The new Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification clearly stipulate the basis for sanctions and specific
penalties for illegal acts by certification bodies and certification clients, including penalties for forging, altering, fraudulently using, illegally trading, transferring, or tampering with certification certificates. Under the new Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification, if a certification client provides false information, illegally uses prohibited substances, uses organic certification marks beyond the permitted scope, or causes a major product quality and safety accident, the certification body may not accept organic product certification applications from that enterprise and its production bases and processing sites for 5 years.
1.1.2 Carry Out Organic Promotion Week Activities
In order to implement the spirit of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China concerning accelerating the development of modern agriculture and vigorously advancing ecological civilization construction, fully demonstrate the implementation achievements of China's organic product certification system, popularize organic knowledge among the public, and promote the healthy development of the organic industry, in accordance with the overall arrangements of the national “Quality Month” activity, the CNCA organized and carried out a series of “Organic Promotion Week” activities. The main activities include:
(1) Publish a series of reports on the development of the organic industry in news media. Publish a series of interview reports and special programs on organic product certification in newspapers, television, websites, and other media, systematically displaying the achievements of the organic industry and the construction of organic certification demonstration zones.
(2) Hold the release of the China Organic Industry Development Report and the distribution of a series of books on organic product certification. Through news media and websites, release the China Organic Industry Development Report; distribute books such as the Implementation Guide for Food and Agricultural Product Certification and Questions and Answers on Organic Product Certification Knowledge in communities, supermarkets, enterprises, schools, and other places; and organize activities such as online reading.
(3) Produce and display posters and display windows (columns) for organic product certification publicity. Organize the distribution and posting of organic product certification publicity posters; produce outdoor and indoor special display windows (column boards) for organic products in public places and office and living areas to create a strong publicity atmosphere.
(4) Hold interactive activities for consumers to visit organic bases. Organize consumers to visit organic bases, conduct on-site visits and experience organic planting, processing, and consumption processes, distribute organic publicity materials on site, let consumers understand organic knowledge and identify organic certified products, and organize media follow-up reports and produce special programs.
(5) Hold an online interview program titled “My Organic Life.” Invite relevant experts, consumers, organic certification personnel, and organic production and sales operators to conduct interactive online interviews, explain organic knowledge and the organic
certification system, and enhance mutual trust among all parties regarding organic products.
(6) Organize public welfare activities such as “Organic Knowledge into Communities” and “Organic Knowledge into Campuses.” Organize local two-level bureaus and certification bodies to hold “Organic Knowledge into Communities” public welfare activities, publicize the concept of organic life through methods such as distributing organic certification publicity materials, expert consultation and explanation, and organic physical prize draws; organize organic product certification experts to go to schools (kindergartens) to explain organic product certification knowledge, publicize the concept of organic life and consumption knowledge, and show organic product certification promotional videos. Broadcast organic product certification promotional videos in the media and play videos on the CNCA website and related websites.
(8) Holding a ceremony to issue letters of appointment to voluntary supervisors for organic product certification. Public figures shall be hired as voluntary supervisors for organic product certification, and voluntary supervisors shall be organized to actively participate in supervision, inspection, and publicity activities to strengthen social supervision.
(8) Open a new media platform for organic product certification. Establish a new media platform for public information on organic products, provide a window for publicity and display for organic products and certification bodies, provide consumers with services such as querying organic product certification certificate marks, popularizing organic knowledge, and organic consumption guides, provide a platform for organic certification demonstration zones to promote local characteristic industries, enable the public to obtain credible and authoritative information about organic products, and solve the bottleneck problem of information asymmetry.
(9) Carry out concentrated rectification of the organic product certification market. Organize local certification regulatory departments, together with relevant functional departments, to carry out concentrated organic product certification regulatory and law enforcement activities, expose a number of cases of illegal and irregular organic product certification, respond to and handle public opinion information in a timely manner, and purify the organic product market environment.
1.1.3 Continue to Carry Out the 2014 National Organic Product Certification Demonstration Creation Activity
In order to fully give play to the role of certification and accreditation in “transmitting trust and serving development,” improve the linkage mechanism for organic product certification supervision, use certification and accreditation means to promote local economic development, and promote the healthy and steady development of China's organic industry, the CNCA has carried out the “Organic Product Certification Demonstration Creation” work since 2011.
The CNCA notified all recommending bureaus to continue to urge and assist all organic product certification demonstration creation zones in continuously improving the large-scale quality work mechanism of “local governments taking overall responsibility, regulatory departments fulfilling their respective responsibilities, and enterprises being the first responsible persons,” and to do a good job in organic product certification demonstration creation work. At the same time, all recommending bureaus should strengthen supervision and inspection of certification activities in organic product certification demonstration creation zones and strictly investigate and deal with illegal and irregular certification activities in organic demonstration creation
zones. For those that cannot continue to meet the application conditions, the relevant county/city governments should be urged to carry out rectification and strengthen management. If they still do not meet the application conditions after rectification, they should promptly report to the CNCA to revoke the title of “Organic Product Certification Demonstration Creation Zone.”
After selective recommendation by local quality inspection departments, the CNCA organized document review, expert consultation, and online public announcement for units applying in 2014 to carry out organic product certification demonstration creation, and agreed to national organic certification demonstration creation in nine counties and cities: Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province; Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province; Lingbao City, Henan Province; Fan County, Henan Province; Chibi City, Hubei Province; Liangzi Lake District, Hubei Province; Lufeng County, Guangdong Province; Tongjiang County, Sichuan Province; and Guinan County, Qinghai Province.
1.1.4 Launch of the “Twelfth Five-Year” National Science and Technology Support Program Project “Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies for Certification of Regionally Advantageous and Characteristic Organic Products”
The National Science and Technology Support Program project “Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies for Certification of Regionally Advantageous and Characteristic Organic Products” is the fourth project in the field of certification and accreditation included in the “Twelfth Five-Year” National Science and Technology Support Program. The project closely revolves around the overall deployment of the Outline of the National “Twelfth Five-Year” Plan and the “Twelfth Five-Year” Plan for the Development of Certification and Accreditation, is based on the key and difficult technologies in the production and processing engineering of regionally advantageous and characteristic organic products in China's organic industry development, innovatively establishes quantitative or semi-quantitative evaluation technologies related to the entire organic product industry chain, and creates ecological civilization evaluation technologies with organic certification as the core. The project is divided into six topics, with an implementation period of three years, and is expected to be completed in 2016.
The project will achieve major breakthroughs in three key technologies: organic product evaluation and analysis technology, risk early warning technology, and information traceability technology; research and establish a stability comparison model for organic processed and conventional processed products; draw national distribution maps of advantageous organic production regions for products such as vegetables and tea; and build a supportive platform for evaluating substances permitted for use in China's organic products. It is expected to build 7 demonstration creation zones and 2 maturity evaluation demonstration zones, formulate 12 national/industry standards, formulate 6 technical specifications, apply for 2 patents, develop 2 information software systems, publish 4 monographs, obtain 1 software copyright, publish 18 scientific research papers, complete 15 research reports, and train 6 academic leaders, 2 innovation teams, and 200 professional and technical personnel.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed vigorously advancing ecological civilization construction, as an important component of the “five-sphere integrated plan” construction, ecological civilization construction has received widespread attention from all sectors of society. Ecological civilization
construction should be integrated into all aspects and the entire process of economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, and social construction, and the indicator system related to ecological civilization is the foundation. Through research on key technologies for evaluation indicators such as resource circulation, ecological environment, ecological value, and industrial chain integrity in the development of the organic industry, this project will explore the role of organic product certification in ecological civilization and the application of the maturity of organic industry development to the evaluation of ecological civilization construction. The implementation of this project is of great significance for advancing China's ecological civilization construction and the modernization of the national governance system.
1.2 New Trends in the Development of the Domestic Organic Industry
1.2.1 China's Organic Agriculture Explores New Technologies and New Development Models for Modern Agriculture
With the rapid development of science and technology, emerging scientific and technological advances such as biotechnology, new material technology, and information technology are rapidly improving people's quality of life and lifestyle, while also exerting a great impact on the development of the agricultural industry. The development of organic agriculture is supported by these new types of biological fertilizers, pesticides, and equipment, reserving and practicing new technologies for the development of modern agriculture. With economic development, while paying attention to the production function of agriculture, people are paying more attention to the ecological and social functions of agriculture. Organic agriculture is a new type of ecological agricultural industrialization development model or system established on the basis of improved traditional agriculture and conventional agriculture that takes into account ecological, environmental, economic, and social benefits and integrates production, operation, circulation, and consumption through organic product marks. Therefore, it can play a leading role in the ecologicalization and environmental protection of conventional modern agriculture.
1.2.2 The Development Regions of China's Organic Industry Are Continuously Expanding
At present, the vast majority of China's organic product production bases are distributed in the eastern coastal areas and the provinces and regions of the northeast. In the past two to three years, the western region, taking advantage of the Western Development strategy, has developed organic animal husbandry and has also shown a good development momentum. In terms of quantity and area, the three northeastern provinces are the largest; in terms of product processing degree and quality control, eastern provinces such as Shanghai, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Jiangsu, as well as Beijing, have relatively greater advantages. This is related to local consumption levels, market demand, and enterprises' advanced and pioneering awareness, and is also related to local government support policies. The development of the organic agriculture industry is also related to production environmental conditions. Organic agriculture in western regions such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Gansu is expected to achieve rapid development by relying on environmental and resource advantages, as well as preferential industrial support policies gradually introduced by local governments. Among them, naturally collected products, characteristic regional products, and land-intensive products have relatively obvious advantages compared with eastern provinces. The rise of Guizhou's organic industry in recent years is a very good representative of this development trend. Eastern provinces, on the other hand, will continue to give play to product chain and market advantages and maintain their advantages in organic processed products and in expanding international and domestic markets.
1.2.3 The Market Scale of China's Organic Products Will Continue to Expand
Before 2000, China's organic products were mainly produced according to the needs of the international market, and organic products were basically all exported abroad. According to CNCA statistics, by 2004 the total production value of China's organic product industry was 2.22 billion yuan, of which the total export value was 1.24 billion yuan. Domestic export products mainly included soybeans, tea, vegetables, miscellaneous grains, etc., and the main export destinations were the United States, the European Union, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries. The remaining nearly 1 billion yuan of certified organic products entered the domestic market, involving varieties such as vegetables, tea, rice, miscellaneous grains, fruits, honey, Chinese medicinal materials, aquatic products, and livestock and poultry products. By 2013, China's export value of organic products had increased to about 500 million US dollars, while the sales volume of organic products in the domestic market had grown to about 20 billion to 30 billion yuan. In view of the continuously growing demand for organic products in both domestic and international markets, together with the continuous strengthening of state supervision and support for the organic industry, it can be predicted that China's domestic and international market sales of organic products will continue to increase year by year for a considerable period in the future.
1.2.4 Supervision of China's Organic Industry Is Continuously Strengthened
The supervision system of the organic industry includes a standards system and a management system. The national standards for organic products are the general program for regulating and restricting the production, processing, operation, and certification of organic products, and are the fundamental criterion for developing the organic industry. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine promulgated and implemented China's national organic standard GB/T 19630-2005 Organic Products in 2005, and revised the standard again in 2011. Based on laws and regulations such as the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Certification and Accreditation, the national standard Organic Products, the Measures for the Administration of Organic Product Certification, and the Implementation Rules for Organic Product Certification, the CNCA has integrated and optimized the current management system for organic product production, processing, operation, consulting, and certification, providing unified requirements and methods for China's organic product certification and strengthening routine supervision and comprehensive quality control of the organic industry, thereby providing a strong legal guarantee for ensuring the effectiveness of China's organic product certification and healthy and orderly development. Domestic consumers' trust in organic products has continued to increase, and the international reputation of China's organic products has also continued to improve.
1.3 Current Status of the Development of the International Organic Industry
Statistics released in early
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2013年全球有机食品与饮料的销售额达到了720亿美元，这已经是1999年的5倍。2013年最大的有机消费国排在前三位的是美国、德国、法国。其中美国占全球消费市场的43%，欧盟占40%。
文章源自FOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/am/11579/

1.4国际有机产业发展新动态
从21世纪开始，发达国家自身的有机农业虽然还在继续明显发展，但已经开始呈现出逐渐平稳的趋势，而有机产品，特别是有机食品的需求却仍在不断增长。在这样的形势下，发达国家对发展中国家有机产品的需求持续增加，从而加大了从发展中国家进口有机产品的力度。与此同时，一些发展比较快的发展中国家，也出现了一批对有机产品有着相当强烈需求的群体，促进了发展中国家国内有机产品市场，特别是有机食品市场的起步和发展。在这样的形势下，中国等一些发展中国家的有机农业和有机产品事业出现了快速发展的势头。
目前世界上已有80多个国家制定了有机农业标准或法规。各国政府通过立法来规范有机农业生产，使公众生态、环境和健康意识得到了增强,
扩大了对有机产品的需求规模，有机农业在研究、生产和贸易上都获得了前所未有的发展。
部分发展中国家的国内有机产品市场的兴起和发展，标志着全球有机事业的全面展开，有着深远的历史意义。虽然与发达国家的市场份额相比，发展中国家的国内有机市场占全球有机市场的份额相对很低，尚未对全球有机产品市场产生显著影响，不过世界有机事业已经进人了一个全面展开，又相对平稳发展的阶段。由于发达国家与发展中国家在认证、市场准人等方面还需要有一个适应和协调的过程，而发展中国家在开拓有机农业和有机产品市场中也需要有一个逐渐规范和与国际进一步接轨的过程，因此，当前的这一阶段将会持续很长一段时间。全球有机农业发展朝气蓬勃，其主要发展趋势表现在以下几方面。
1.4.1全球有机生产和市场需求将继续增K-
随着各国对有机产品的认知和接受程度的日益增加，将会有越来越多的农民转人有机生产，以满足市场对有机产品的需求。全球性的有机市场增长将是一个大趋势。一些有机农产品生产大国，如阿根廷、巴西、中国等的国内有机消费市场也正在逐渐形成，有机产品将会进军主流销售渠道，而主要的消费人群是追求高质量和健康食品的中上层人士。一些大型食品公司，如麦当劳、雀巢公司等也已经进人有机领域。所有这一切都预示着有机农业正在全世界范围内不断增长，有机产品会越来越多的出现在世界各地的商店和餐桌上。
1.4.2从关心环保到关注食品安全
有机农业发展初期的主要目的是为了保护环境，解决农业可持续发展问题。自20世纪90年代以来，特别是欧洲发生牛海绵状脑病（疯牛病）事件以来，消费者由关心环境问题转向关注食品安全问题。在德国，虽然近年来按传统方法生产的牛肉销售量下降了50%，但有机牛肉销售量却增加了30%。购买有机牛肉比购买常规牛肉要多付至少30%的钱，但顾客一般认为，由于有机牛肉的生产付出了更多的环境和安全成本，因此付出高一点的价钱是值得的。据调查，56%的美国公民认为有机食品更为健康；60%的丹麦人经常购买有机蔬菜、牛奶；德国慕尼黑市场上30%的面包是有机的。随着消费者对高质量的有机食品特别是市场份额较高的有机食品如水果和蔬菜、婴幼儿食品、粮食类、奶制品等需求的增加，有机食品市场将稳步增长。
1.4.3全球贸易壁垒的出现和协调
目前全球80多个国家制定了各自不尽相同的认证和认可体系，不同的体系影响了各国有机产品的贸易过程，违背了有机法规制定的初衷——即增加贸易、发展市场及培育消费者信心。现存的不同的标准和法规产生了贸易技术壁垒，迫使许多有机生产者必须获得多种有机认证才能进人不同的市场。因此联合国贸易与发展会议(UNCTAD)、联合国粮农组织(FAO)以及国际有机农业运动联盟（IFOAM)等国际性机构和组织正在积极朝着协调各国及各机构有机法规的方向努力，以避免潜在贸易壁垒，促进全球有机产品自由贸易。
1.4.4统计工作的完善
全球有机农业生产及有机产品份额将持续增长，为了使决策者得到更为准确的统计数据，以便于政策的制定，欧洲各国政府及相关机构将投人更多精力来进一步改进和完善有机农业各方面的数据统计工作。
目前有不少机构一直在努力进行着有机农业的数据统计工作，包括德国的“中央市场和价格报告局（ZMP)”、英国的“农村科学研究所（IRS)”、瑞士的“有机农业研究所(FiBL)”等。目前这三家机构正在努力构建一个公共的数据库，并将在互联网等媒介上向公众发布有机农业的相关数据。有机市场数据的收集和处理更为困难，目前欧盟信息系统正在开展一个关于有机市场的项目（www.eisfom.org)，致力于提供更有效的工具来提高数据分析的可靠性，以便为决策者及贸易商提供准确的市场信息。
1.4.5政策支持的加强
由于有机农业对健康和环境的积极意义，有机农业已经获得了全球范围的普遍认可。特别在欧洲，在短短的20多年时间内，有机农业已经从以前的次要农业形式转变成为备受瞩目的农业形式。为了确保有机农业持续稳定的发展，欧洲的各国政府及私营机构将更为紧密的合作，以稳步推进欧洲的有机农业行动计划和其他与有机农业相关的政策。英国把有机农田比例扩大，目标提高到30%，市场占有率则定为20%。虽然可能会有一些不可预见的因素制约这些目标，但只要定下明确方向，对有机农业的持续发展必然有利，并且这种明确指标的提出更可以提高社会关注度。根据各国目前的发展水平，预计整个欧盟的有机农田比例可在2030年达到25%。
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