Against the backdrop of increasingly severe environmental pollution, food safety has become one of the most urgent livelihood issues globally and in China. Accelerating the development of green organic agriculture and gradually making it the leading model of agricultural development is not only a fundamental guarantee for food safety and nutritional improvement for China's 1.3 billion people, but also a strategic move of milestone significance in the history of Chinese agricultural civilization.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
I. The Historical Inevitability of the Emergence and Development of Green Organic AgricultureӨгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
Since the beginning of human history, agricultural production has roughly gone through the stages of primitive agriculture, traditional agriculture, petroleum agriculture, and green organic agriculture. In addition to relying on the massive consumption of petroleum products for power, modern agriculture also uses chemical fertilizers, pesticides, additives, and plastic films and other means of production that all rely on petroleum and natural gas as energy and raw materials, and is therefore also called “petroleum agriculture.” Although this petroleum agriculture equipped by industry and technology has greatly increased land output rates and labor productivity, the long-term excessive use of chemical substances such as fertilizers and pesticides has led to increasingly serious problems of soil degradation, excessive heavy metal residues, environmental pollution, and food safety. According to a report by the United Nations Environment Programme, 2 million to 5 million agricultural workers worldwide suffer pesticide poisoning each year, and 40,000 die.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
In the second half of the 20th century, after experiencing the bitter consequences of environmental deterioration brought by petroleum agriculture, some Western developed countries took the lead in exploring ways to transform agricultural development models. British botanist Howard first proposed the concept of “Organic Agriculture” in 1931. In 1972, as the global green movement reached a climax, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) was established in France. Organic agriculture maintains and strengthens the health of soil, plants, animals, humans, and the entire Earth as an inseparable whole, protecting the environment while safeguarding the health and welfare of current humanity and future generations. According to the 2010 report "World Organic Agriculture," 35 million hectares of agricultural land worldwide are currently used for organic agricultural production.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
As certified by specialized agencies, China has initially formed a green organic agriculture industrial system that is pollution-free, safe, high-quality, and nutrient-rich. Among these, green food is divided into Grade A and Grade AA. Grade A requires the limited use of specified chemically synthesized means of production during the production process, along with the active adoption of biological techniques and physical methods, to ensure that product quality meets the requirements of “green food” standards; Grade AA requires the non-use of chemically synthesized pesticides, fertilizers, additives, veterinary drugs, and means of production harmful to the environment and human health during the production process, instead using organic fertilizers, planting green manure crops, and adopting biological or physical methods and other techniques to fertilize the soil, control pests and diseases, and protect or improve product quality (equivalent to organic agriculture). Because both green food and organic food come from an environmentally friendly agricultural industrial system that restricts or eliminates the use of chemical substances, people collectively refer to these two types of agriculture as green organic agriculture.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
II. The Essential Characteristics and Advantages of Green Organic AgricultureӨгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
Green organic agriculture is a profound transformation of traditional agriculture and petroleum agriculture, a qualitative elevation and leap in humanity's farming methods, and a new agricultural model that achieves harmony between humanity and nature and a win-win outcome for development and the environment. Its essential characteristics and advantages can be summarized as follows:Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(1) Standardization of standards. One of the essential characteristics of green organic agriculture is that, through a series of norms and guidelines, it standardizes agricultural technology and management — production has technical regulations, inputs have usage guidelines, products have dedicated labels, operations have certification and licensing, and if problems arise, they can be directly traced back to the place of origin. These standards, norms, and guidelines can ensure market demand within a certain period and product quality, safety, low consumption, and high efficiency. When technology or practice changes, the standards and norms are revised accordingly to incorporate the latest technological achievements and adapt to new needs in production, exchange, and purchasing and marketing. According to statistics from relevant departments, China currently implements a total of 152 green food industry standards. The state has even stricter standards for organic agricultural products, applicable to the entire process of organic agricultural production.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(2) Advanced technology. Green organic agriculture not only adopts the intensive cultivation techniques of traditional agriculture and the improved seed breeding and advanced production and processing technologies of modern agriculture, but also creates higher-level technical models that conform to ecological, economic, and social livelihood laws. The technological content of each link — production, processing, preservation, packaging, transportation, and marketing — is far higher than that of traditional agriculture and petroleum agriculture, thus enabling a win-win outcome for both economic and ecological benefits. The nano-enhanced fertilizer developed by ecological economists can, on the basis of reducing ordinary chemical fertilizer use by 30%–50%, increase the average yield of crops such as rice, wheat, and corn by 10%, and increase the yield of vegetables and fruit trees by about 20%.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(3) High efficiency of output. Green organic products have good quality, are pollution-free, have high value and prices, and show obvious efficiency advantages. In Baojia, Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province, the price of organic celery hearts is 30 yuan/kg, and premium celery sprouts are 180 yuan/kg, with an average income of 15,000 yuan per mu, more than four times that of ordinary celery. In Jiaozhou City, organic Chinese cabbage in fine packaging sells for 45 yuan per head, and vegetable farmers earn an average household income of 100,000 yuan. The “black peanut” cultivated by the Qingdao Nanzhai Apple Planting Professional Cooperative has zinc and selenium contents 48% and 101% higher than ordinary peanuts, respectively, and with selenium enrichment and green food certification, it sells for 50 yuan/kg. A 2009 market research report in Beijing showed that although organic food is much more expensive, most consumers are still willing to buy it. Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(4) Circularity of resources. Green organic agriculture emphasizes organic inputs and biological measures, turning agricultural and human and livestock waste into resources for reuse, thereby creating value and benefits while also fertilizing the soil and optimizing the environment. It is a genuine “circular economy” model. Returning crop straw to the field and gasification power generation, biogas projects using human and livestock manure, the use of biological bacterial fertilizer, and biological pest control have all achieved good economic, social, and environmental benefits. Nanhu District, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, processes pig manure into primary organic fertilizer, which not only eliminates non-point source pollution but also generates economic benefits; moreover, grapes grown with this fertilizer have large berries, high sweetness, and good color, and their wholesale price is more than twice that of grapes grown with chemical fertilizers. Zhucheng City, Shandong Province, promoted straw bio-reactor technology in more than 200 vegetable greenhouses citywide, using straw to replace chemical fertilizers, reducing costs by 50%, increasing vegetable yields by more than 50%, and raising farmers“ incomes by more than 40%. According to expert estimates, green organic agriculture, by not using or limiting the use of petrochemical material inputs, can reduce carbon emissions by 20%–50%, making it a veritable ”low-carbon agriculture."Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(5) Benefit to the people in production. Developing green organic agriculture not only provides safe, pollution-free food, but also extends the industrial chain, expands employment, and has a notable effect in benefiting people's livelihoods. According to expert research, organic plant products contain more dry matter, minerals, and antioxidant micronutrients, more unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C, iron, copper, zinc, and other trace elements, as well as secondary metabolites that fight cancer and prevent heart disease. Because green organic agriculture emphasizes the collection and application of organic fertilizers and implements refined planting and breeding management and marketing, it absorbs a large amount of rural labor for employment and entrepreneurship. The 11 green food standardized bases established in different regions of Gansu Province have cultivated more than 260 leading industrialized enterprises, more than 1,300 farmers' professional cooperative organizations, and nearly 10,000 marketing brokers, cumulatively achieving employment for more than 5 million laborers and generating more than 2.5 billion yuan in labor income. The income of workers engaged in the green food industry is twice that of ordinary farmers.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(6) Sustainability of development. Green organic agriculture replaces chemical fertilizers with organic manure and replaces highly toxic and extremely toxic pesticides with biological technology, rationally allocates agricultural inputs, saves resources, optimizes the environment, and ensures the sustainability of agricultural development. Xiangyin County, Hunan Province, develops green organic agriculture through ecological technologies such as carefully selected improved seeds, straw return to the field, the “pig-biogas-rice” ecological model, soil testing and formula fertilization, and frequency-vibration insect-killing lamps to trap and kill pests. In residential areas, domestic sewage, domestic garbage, and human, livestock, and poultry manure are basically harmlessly treated and utilized as resources; the utilization rate of crop straw reaches 100%; the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is greatly reduced; pest natural enemies, mainly spiders, are diverse and numerous; aquatic organisms are dense in ditches, ports, and channels; and pest damage is not visible in the fields, achieving high yield, high quality, high efficiency, and environmental improvement.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
III. The Current Situation and Prospects of China's Green Organic Agriculture DevelopmentӨгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
China's green organic agriculture began in the 1990s. In 2008, compared with 1997, the national planting area and total physical output of green organic products increased by 6.8 times and 13.3 times, respectively. Among these, the total number of enterprises using the green food label has grown at an average annual rate of 24.7% since 1997. Green organic food has become a “hot spot” for consumption by residents in large and medium-sized cities in China, a “highlight” in agricultural product exports, and a “growth point” for agricultural structural adjustment and optimization. However, the scale of China's green organic agriculture development is limited, the number of varieties is small, and the output of major bulk products accounts for only about 5% of the national total for comparable products. Compared with the rapidly increasing domestic and international consumer demand, the existing variety of agricultural products, production scale, and supply capacity are all inadequate.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
China is rich in agricultural resources and has unique advantages and conditions for developing green organic agriculture. These mainly include: (1) Rich and diverse species and natural resources. The cultivated plants, livestock and poultry, fish, edible fungi, insects, and others developed and utilized in agriculture nationwide have reached more than 10,000 species. Different regions have cultivated many agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery products with strong local characteristics and renowned at home and abroad. These regions have natural environments and traditional techniques suitable for developing green organic agriculture, and once developed can form a large number of well-known products and production bases with distinctive characteristics, diverse types, and strong competitiveness. (2) Abundant organic fertilizer resources. According to estimates by the Ministry of Agriculture, the national annual output of organic fertilizer totals 4.88 billion tons, including 2.04 billion tons of livestock and poultry manure, 2.02 billion tons of composted manure, 700 million tons of straw resources, more than 100 million tons of green manure, and more than 20 million tons of cake fertilizer, which can provide more than 60 million tons of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients. Vigorously developing and utilizing organic fertilizers can not only provide sufficient nutrients for crops, increase soil organic matter content, and improve soil physical and chemical properties, but also transform agricultural waste, fundamentally address non-point source pollution, and improve agricultural product quality, while also opening up new growth points for agricultural development. (3) Throughout the country, there are agricultural product production and processing techniques and crafts rich in local and ethnic characteristics. Fully exploring and utilizing these techniques and crafts and combining them with modern technology is of immeasurable significance for developing green organic products and achieving product value-added and efficiency enhancement. (4) Urban and rural residents“ demand for and recognition of green organic food are increasing day by day. The production methods, consumption concepts, and brands of green organic agriculture have been recognized by more and more enterprises, farmers, and consumers. (5) The Party and the government have made strategic decisions on fundamentally addressing the ecological environment and building modern agriculture. The formulation and implementation of a series of major strategic guidelines, such as ”taking a new path of industrialization,“ ”establishing and implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development,“ ”accelerating the transformation of the development model,“ and ”developing a circular economy," will provide strong impetus and policy guarantees for the development of green organic agriculture.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
According to forecasts by relevant departments, during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” period, the development speed of China's green organic agriculture will remain above 10%. By 2015, the number of enterprises effectively using the green food label nationwide will reach 8,800, with 23,000 products; the total number of organic food enterprises will reach 2,000, with 11,000 products; 300 new green food raw material standardized bases will be built, bringing the total number of green food raw material standardized bases to 800, with a total base area of 150 million mu. Supervision of green organic products will also be strengthened, and the pass rate of product quality spot checks will remain above 98%. By 2030, the proportion of China's green organic product planting area in the total cultivated land area may reach about 25%, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will each decrease by about 50%, the proportion of organic fertilizer use will increase to 70%, and soil organic matter will generally increase by 1 to 3 percentage points. By 2050, the proportion of green organic product planting area in the total cultivated land area will rise to about 40%.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
IV. Countermeasures and Suggestions for Advancing the Development of China's Green Organic AgricultureӨгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(1) Place the development of green organic agriculture on the agenda of Party committees and governments at all levels and effectively strengthen leadership. The transformation from traditional agriculture and petroleum agriculture to green organic agriculture is a profound revolution in the agricultural field, with great and far-reaching significance, and arduous and complex tasks. Only when Party committees and governments at all levels place it on their agendas, keep it in their hands, and strengthen leadership can it be effectively advanced. This includes determining the development strategy for green organic agriculture, proposing goals, tasks, and countermeasures; formulating plans and implementing them step by step; strengthening policy support to mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises, bases, and farmers; and using typical demonstrations to drive the overall effort.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(2) Strengthen public opinion dissemination and unify ideological understanding. To develop green organic agriculture, it is first necessary to establish advanced ideological concepts and master scientific and technological knowledge. Although people's environmental awareness and food safety awareness are gradually increasing, most people still know little about green organic agriculture, and there are various one-sided understandings and ideological obstacles. Propaganda must be strengthened, including holding special lectures and report meetings, inviting experts, scholars, and professionals from certification bodies to give presentations; compiling teaching materials to popularize relevant knowledge; and organizing on-site meetings to summarize and promote successful typical experiences. Through multiple channels and methods, carry out in-depth publicity and education on green organic agriculture, inspire people to emancipate their minds and update their concepts, and truly turn the development of green organic agriculture into the conscious action of rural cadres and the broad masses.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(3) Cultivate operating entities and build supporting platforms. The characteristics of green organic agriculture — standardization, normalization, industrialization, and high technological content — determine that the development of this industry must be led and driven by leading enterprises, professional cooperatives, or technology development institutions. To make green organic agriculture bigger and stronger, attention must be paid to the construction of leading enterprises, and necessary support in funds and technology must be given to leading enterprises; scientific research institutions and personnel should be encouraged to participate in the development of green organic agriculture; and leading enterprises should be guided to form a “community of interests” with bases, cooperatives, and farmers through contracts, services, and asset linkages. Actively promote the business model of “leading enterprise + professional cooperative organization + base farmers” so that the scope of close interest linkages continues to expand.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(4) Strengthen scientific and technological support and solve key technical problems. Green organic agriculture restricts or eliminates the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which places entirely new demands on agricultural science and technology and urgently requires scientific and technological innovation and support. Efforts should be concentrated on achieving breakthroughs in key technologies: ① Breakthroughs in the production and application technology of organic fertilizers. Focus on the transformation and utilization of organic fertilizer resources such as crop straw, agricultural waste, and human, livestock, and poultry manure, and strive for major breakthroughs in supporting technologies and equipment. ② Breakthroughs in the research and development technology of biological pesticides. With the popularization of chemical pesticides, the use of traditional Chinese indigenous pesticides has gradually decreased. In fact, through development with modern technology, indigenous pesticides not only have good insect-killing effects but also cause no phytotoxicity. New technologies and methods for biological disease prevention and pest control should be vigorously developed to reduce and replace highly toxic residual chemical pesticides. ③ Breakthroughs in improved seed breeding technology. Protect locally unique varieties, strengthen the domestication of wild resources and the breeding of new varieties, and continuously develop new high-quality seeds and seedlings with strong resistance to pests, diseases, and stress and broad adaptability. ④ Breakthroughs in specialty product processing technology. Among the specialty product processing techniques inherited among the Chinese people, some have been transformed for new product development, some have stagnated, and some are on the verge of being lost. If traditional specialty processing techniques from various regions are improved and integrated with modern science and technology, they will greatly expand the market space for green organic agriculture and the employment space for farmers. ⑤ Breakthroughs in operating methods. Relying on enterprises, associations, and professional cooperatives, integrate social resources and gradually establish a new operating model of unified standards, unified trademarks, unified marketing, unified prices, unified packaging, and unified legal assistance for different green organic products.Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(5) Give support and protection to green organic agriculture in policies and laws. Green organic agriculture has high requirements for standards, management, and technology, and relatively large infrastructure investment, so it needs support and protection. The state and regions with the capacity should establish special funds for the development of green organic agriculture; include relevant enterprises and farmers within the scope of fiscal support; give priority to special fund support and incentives for green organic product base construction, brand creation, and research, development, and promotion of scientific and technological projects; and implement fixed subsidies for the production of organic products in the conversion period. Create a promotion mechanism of “government support, leading enterprise drive, farmer participation, andӨгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
(6)综合治理农田污染，为发展绿色有机农业创造条件。严禁高毒、高残留农药的使用；对化肥、农药等化学投入品进行环保安全认证，未经核准不得进入市场；积极推广应用生物农药、有机肥料和可降解地膜等高效、低毒、低残留的投入品；积极推行以改圈改厕改厨、建设户用沼气池为纽带，大力发展“猪—沼—菜”生态农业模式，实现资源无害化、产品优质化、效益多元化；适当扩大豆科固氮作物和绿肥作物面积；在北方旱作农业地区，推行秸秆覆盖、免耕播种、深松除草等保护性耕作技术；加快城乡污水、垃圾处理厂的建设步伐，改善农村生态环境。Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/
发展绿色有机农业，必须坚持“循序渐进、宁缺毋滥”原则，切不可降低质量标准。要广泛开展国际交流与合作，不断提高我国绿色有机农业的发展水平。Өгүүлэл нь ...-аас авсанFOFCC-http://fofcc.org.cn/mn/11262/